Welcome to the Equitable Housing Institute 

“Housing is a necessary of life.”
United States Supreme Court
Block v. Hirsch, 256 U.S. 135, 156 (1921)
(per Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.)

 Featured Articles

NATIONWIDE EVICTION MORATORIUM EXTENDED THROUGH JUNE 2021

The Biden Administration has extended through June 30 the limited eviction moratorium originally announced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in September 2020. The latest extension was announced on March 29 by CDC Director Rochelle Walensky.

“No counties are currently considered free of spread, and only 8 percent of counties are considered to have low transmission,” Walensky wrote in that order, adding that the continuing problems caused the agency to “conclude that immediate action is again necessary.” That extension does not change the terms of the moratorium, which have remained the same since it first was announced in September 2020. 

The moratorium applies only to cases based on nonpayment of rent. A tenant seeking the protection of that moratorium must provide a written declaration to the landlord, or other person who has a legal right to have the tenant evicted or removed, affirming various relevant facts under penalty of perjury. A more user-friendly declaration form for tenants was issued along with the latest extension.

The limited nature of the moratorium, and the narrow interpretation of it by the federal government and some courts (under which many eviction steps other than actual execution of an eviction may proceed), have been criticized. Diane Yentel, president of the National Low Income Housing Coalition, says that “many tenants are being evicted in spite of the protections.” She called on the Biden administration to “strengthen the order and close the loopholes that some landlords have exploited to continue evicting renters from their homes.”  

Other housing-related assistance was provided in the $1.9 trillion relief legislation signed by President Biden on March 11. It contains $21.5 billion for emergency rental assistance, $5 billion in emergency housing vouchers, $5 billion for homelessness assistance and $850 million for tribal and rural housing. That statute authorizes other financial relief too, such as $1,400 stimulus payments for most Americans who have an adjusted gross income of $75,000 or less ($150,000 or less for married couples filing jointly; $112,500 or less for heads of household).

EHI is among the many housing organizations that have engaged in letter-writing campaigns to members of Congress and federal Executive Branch officials, since the early days of the public health emergency, urging such measures for relief of tenants, homeowners, landlords and mortgage lenders. It will be crucial to enact comprehensive, enduring housing relief measures until the Covid-19 emergency is thoroughly resolved. 

Disparate impacts of Covid-19 on minority groups are linked to much higher proportion who must live in overcrowded and/or substandard housing

In the United States, the Covid-19 pandemic has been exceptionally disruptive for the Black, Indigenous, and Hispanic-American communities. For example, during the first four months of the pandemic:

  • Black people were more than twice as likely to die from Covid-19 as White people.
  • Indigenous people accounted for more than 56 percent of Covid deaths in New Mexico (home to part of the Navajo Nation), although indigenous people were only 8.8 percent of the state’s population.
  • Hispanic Americans between the ages of 40 and 59 had been infected at a rate five times greater than White people in the same age group, nationwide.

Actually, the available statistics likely understate the disparate impacts of Covid substantially, because many states are inadequately reporting demographic data for Covid-related cases and deaths among minority group members. 

An important factor in Covid's disparate impacts is that a much higher proportion of minority group members have to live in overcrowded and/or substandard housing. That problem compounds other disproportionate impacts of the pandemic. 

For example, people of color are more likely to: (1) have “essential” jobs in crowded workplaces; (2) rely on crowded public transportation; and (3) suffer from pre-existing health conditions. Studies have linked many of those pre-existing conditions to substandard and overcrowded housing.

EHI law clerk Jesse Brennan has documented the disparate racial impacts of Covid-19, and the relationship of those disparate impacts to America’s housing problems. To access that memorandum, please click on RACE, COVID-19, AND HOUSING.

The disproportionate housing problems of minority group members are largely the result of economically exclusionary housing practices. Those practices (exclusionary zoning and other, overly-restrictive, housing-related practices) prevent the building or preservation of sufficient amounts of housing affordable to low- and moderate-income Americans—especially in and near high-opportunity communities. 

Also, by pushing housing prices up, those policies prevent many low- and moderate-income families with children from accessing adequate housing units. For more on the health-related effects of exclusionary housing practices, please click on CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT & XHPs. 

EHI ISSUES INITIAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STATUTE TO BAN EXCLUSIONARY HOUSING PRACTICES COMPREHENSIVELY

Major reform of land use regulations is needed, in order to combat exclusionary zoning and other economically exclusionary housing practices. There is an emerging consensus to that effect among housing policy experts, economists, and even Presidents of the United States—across the political spectrum. (For more about that virtual consensus, please click on EMERGING CONSENSUS ON REGULATORY BARRIERS TO HOUSING AFFORDABILITY.)

In response, EHI issued a preliminary report in December 2019 that contained its initial recommendations for a new statute that would ban exclusionary and discriminatory housing practices comprehensively—including economically exclusionary housing practices. Such a statute could be enacted by any state, or by the federal government (in a somewhat different form). To access that report, please click on TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE BAN ON EXCLUSIONARY HOUSING PRACTICES.

In November 2020, EHI prepared initial provisions toward a federal legislative proposal on the subject, with explanatory comments. To access that document, please click on ECONOMIC FAIR HOUSING ACT DRAFT PROVISIONS--NOV. 2020. 

Governments at all levels have broad authority to protect renters and homeowners during pandemic

The national emergency due to the Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic has led to extraordinary federal, state and local actions. Among them are unprecedented measures to prevent tenants and homeowners being evicted or suffering foreclosure due to the sudden, massive economic dislocations caused by the pandemic.

Those measures are temporary and incomplete, however. As mentioned above, however, many tens of millions of Americans predictably will be unable, for a much longer time, to afford full rent and mortgage payments and still meet other crucial needs, such as sufficient food and health care for their families.

The financial concerns of those who have lost jobs and/or other basic income sources could be reduced a great deal, if federal and state officials exercised their well-established authority to enact emergency, debtor-relief legislation. For example, legislation could permit tenants and homeowners to pay only what they are reasonably able to pay, for as long as their ability to pay is seriously impaired due to the pandemic. 

A similar result could be achieved through forgivable government loans to individual and business debtors. Also, courts may permit tenants and homeowners to pay only what they are reasonably able to pay, temporarily, while they are unable to pay the full amounts due under their leases and mortgages, due to the pandemic. Courts may do so by upholding the well-established contract defense of “Impracticability of Performance.” 

For an explanation of those issues, please click on GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY TO PROTECT RENTERS AND HOMEOWNERS DURING EMERGENCY. 

 

MORE EHI ARTICLES 

 

  •  EHI proposes legislation to ban exclusionary housing practices comprehensively. For EHI’s preliminary report on such legislation, please click on please click on TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE BAN ON EXCLUSIONARY HOUSING PRACTICES. 

  •  EHI recommends “leveling the playing field” for victims of economically exclusionary housing practices, by authorizing courts to require reimbursement of their litigation expenses by violators. For more, please click on please click on LEVELING THE PLAYING FIELD FOR VICTIMS OF UNLAWFUL, EXCLUSIONARY HOUSING PRACTICES. 

  • EHI analyzes whether Congress has Constitutional authority to prohibit unwarranted state and local regulatory restrictions on housing supply, if those restrictions affect interstate commerce—as a number of recent studies indicate they now do. For more, please click on INTERSTATE EFFECTS OF REG. BARRIERS (2017). 

  • For EHI’s article on effective strategies to address residents' concerns about permitting new housing in their vicinity, please click on PURSUING “WIN/WIN” SOLUTIONS TO MEETING HOUSING NEEDS. 

  • EHI has summarized how exclusionary housing policies aggravate housing problems that have been linked to increased developmental problems among low-income children. Among those problems are children's health (physical, mental and emotional), safety, educational achievement, and general cognitive and behavioral development. For more, please click on CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT & XHPs. 

  • The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the federal Fair Housing Act prohibits housing practices that have a disproportionately adverse effect on members of minority groups—unless those practices have a justifiable purpose and properly limited scope. For more, please click on SUPREME COURT DISPARATE IMPACT DECISION.

  • A McKinsey Global Institute report finds that overcoming exclusionary housing policies is the most critical step in providing affordable housing—not only in the United States, but around the world. For more, please click on McKINSEY REPORT ON MEETING GLOBAL HOUSING AFFORDABILITY CHALLENGE. 

  • EHI celebrated its significant achievements, both locally and nationwide, on its 10th anniversary--September 19, 2018. For more, please click on EHI's FIRST TEN YEARS. 

  • Inside Philanthropy urges funders to support EHI’s efforts to break the grip of exclusionary zoning and other exclusionary housing policies on housing opportunities for low- and moderate-income people. For more, please click on Inside Philanthropy urges funders to support EHI. 

  • EHI letters printed by Washington Post highlight serious, adverse effects of local housing and land use policies For more, please click on EHI LETTERS IN WASHINGTON POST. 

  • For an EHI analysis of the role of governmental land use planning in housing shortages and excessive costs, please click on EHI ANALYSIS OF JOBS-HOUSING REPORT.

Equitable Housing Institute
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Vienna, VA 22183

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EHI does not provide professional legal advice.